Conversely, those who are more socially integrated have better health outcomes ( Berkman & Glass, 2000 Umberson, 1987). These perceptions are important predictors of mental health and well-being ( Cacioppo & Hawkley, 2003), where loneliness and isolation may have negative influences on both physical and mental health due to prolonged stress, anxiety, and lack of perceived support ( Cacioppo & Hawkley, 2003 Cornwell & Waite, 2009).
Feelings of loneliness and social isolation are the evaluations of one’s personal network – the availability of friends and family for social and instrumental support.